Cylinder, Spring, Spring Guide, Piston, Nozzle for a Airsoft Sniper Rifle Gun

Type of rifle used for long-range engagements against enemy personnel

A sniper rifle is a high-precision, long-range rifle. Requirements include accuracy, reliability, mobility, concealment and optics for anti-personnel, anti-materiel and surveillance uses of the military sniper. The mod sniper rifle is a portable shoulder-fired weapon arrangement with a option between commodities-action or semi-automatic activeness, fitted with a scope sight for farthermost accuracy and chambered for a high-ballistic functioning centerfire cartridge.

History [edit]

The Whitworth burglarize was arguably the first long-range sniper burglarize in the world.^[1] Designed past Sir Joseph Whitworth, a prominent British engineer, it used barrels with hexagonal polygonal rifling, which meant that the projectile did not have to bite into the rifling grooves every bit was done with conventional rifling. His rifle was far more authentic than the Pattern 1853 Enfield, which had shown some weaknesses during the recent Crimean War. At trials in 1857, which tested the accuracy and range of both weapons, Whitworth's blueprint outperformed the Enfield at a charge per unit of nearly three to one. Also, the Whitworth rifle was able to striking the target at a range of ii,000 yards, whereas the Enfield could only manage it at a distance of 1,400 yards.^[2] During the American Civil War, the Confederate sharpshooters equipped with Whitworth rifles were tasked to kill Union field arms crews, and were responsible for killing Major General John Sedgwick – one of the highest-ranking officers killed during the Civil War – at the Boxing of Spotsylvania Court Firm.

During the Crimean State of war, the first optical sights were designed for fitting onto the rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the abstraction of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by Adventure Brothers of Birmingham. This immune a marksman to more accurately observe and target objects at a greater altitude than ever before.^[3] The telescopic sight, or scope, was originally fixed and could not be adjusted, which therefore limited its range. By the 1870s, the perfection of breech loading magazine rifles led to sniper rifles having "effective accurate" ranges of up to a mile abroad from its target.^[4]

During the Boer State of war, the latest breech-loading rifled guns with magazine and smokeless pulverization were used by both sides. The British were equipped with the Lee–Metford rifle, while the Boers had received the latest Mauser Model 1895 rifles from Deutschland. In the open up terrain of South Africa, the marksman was a crucial component in boxing. The Lovat Scouts was a British Army unit formed in 1899 that was renowned for the expert marksmanship and stalking skills of its personnel. The men wore ghillie suits for camouflage and were expertly skilled in observation. Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard said of them that "keener men never lived".^[5] After the Boer War, the Scouts became the outset official sniper unit in the British Ground forces.

It was not until World State of war I that sniper rifles began to be used more than regularly in battle and certain soldiers given specialized training to utilize such a burglarize. In Germany, these trained snipers were given rifles with telescopic sights, which illuminated at night in order to improve their accuracy.^[vi] German gunsmiths fitted the scope above the barrel for optimal accuracy.^[7]

During the War, the accuracy of the sniper rifle was greatly improved.^[8] By the finish of World War II snipers were reported to provide "reasonable accurateness" over 600 k (656 yd) with anything over this range beingness unpredictable.^[9] It was during World War I and II that the give-and-take 'sniper' began to be used commonly, whereas previously those who were armed with sniper rifles were referred to as sharpshooters, or marksmen.^[x]

These marksmen, wielding sniper rifles such as the Karabiner 98k and Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30 sniper rifle, had a drastic and demoralizing effect on the battlefield.^[11] Soldiers would oftentimes remain hidden in foxholes or trenches so as not to expose themselves to the mortiferous accuracy of a sniper. Some soldiers even began to disregard orders from commanding officers to protect against potential harm, which thus broke downward the chain of command on the battlefield.^[12] The sniper rifle soon acquired the reputation of being 1 of the most effective and ruthless weapons of war.^[13]

Though sniper rifles had proved to be extremely constructive in combat, at that place was still a bang-up reluctance in many militaries to prefer a trained sniper regiment.^[14] To effectively use a sniper rifle, a soldier had to go through peculiarly rigorous training, and well-nigh people did not make it past the first calendar week.^[xv] Sniper training was so expensive to conduct that, even until equally recently as 1970, the reasoning for having trained snipers as a part of an army was deemed questionable.^[14] In Britain, sniper rifles were not seen every bit being an integral part of an army until after the Germans boasted so much success with sniper teams during the early months of World War I. The British army advisors supposed that the telescopic sights attached to sniper rifles were also easily damaged and thus not well suited for military apply.^[9] However, they soon realized that these telescopic sights could be improved and made sturdy enough to withstand a sniper burglarize shot.^[nine]

Sniper rifles have continued to be used consistently throughout the afterward office of the 20th century in Korea, Vietnam and the Middle East as an integral part of the modern style of guerrilla warfare. The durability, accurateness and power of modern sniper rifles are beyond anything in utilise even ten years ago and would seem amazing in comparing to whatsoever World War Two sniper rifles.^[16] Now sniper rifles are extremely reliable and are able to burn repeatedly without losing accurateness, whereas earlier sniper rifles would lose accuracy the more consistently they were used due to wearable and tear.^[17] Sniper rifles continue to be adapted and improved upon with the effective range of modern sniper rifles exceeding ane,000 thou (i,094 yd), which make it ane of the near accurate, mortiferous and efficient weapons in use at present.^[17]

Nomenclature [edit]

Modern sniper rifles tin can be divided into two basic classes: military machine and police force enforcement.^{[ citation needed ]}

Armed services [edit]

Sniper rifles manufactured for armed forces service are oftentimes designed for very high immovability, range, reliability, sturdiness, serviceability and repairability nether adverse environmental and combat weather condition, at the sacrifice of a small caste of accuracy. Military snipers and sharpshooters may as well exist required to behave their rifles and other equipment for long distances, making information technology important to minimize weight. Military organizations oftentimes operate under strict upkeep constraints, which influences the type and quality of sniper rifles they buy.

Police force enforcement [edit]

Sniper rifles built or modified for utilize in law enforcement are mostly required to take the greatest possible accuracy, simply do not need to have equally long a range.

Police force enforcement-specific rifles are usually used in not-combat (often urban) environments, so they practise non have the requirement to be as hardy or portable every bit military versions; therefore, they may be smaller, because they practice not demand very long range.

Some of the first sniper rifles designed specifically to meet police force and other police-enforcement requirements were developed for Westward German constabulary later on the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Many police services and law enforcement organizations (such as the U.S. Hush-hush Service) now use rifles designed for law enforcement purposes.

The Heckler & Koch PSG1 is one burglarize specifically designed to meet these criteria and is frequently referred to as an ideal example of this type of sniper rifle. The FN Special Law Burglarize was built for, and is marketed to, law enforcement rather than war machine agencies.

Distinguishing characteristics [edit]

Looking through a telescopic sight.

PSO-one Sniper Scope Reticle
1 – Lead/deflection scale
2 – Main targeting chevron
iii – Bullet drib chevrons
4 – Rangefinder

The features of a sniper rifle can vary widely depending on the specific tasks information technology is intended to perform. Features that may distinguish a sniper rifle from other weapons are the presence of a telescopic sight, unusually long overall length,^[18] a stock designed for firing from a decumbent position, and the presence of a bipod and other accessories.

Telescopic sight [edit]

The single most important feature that sets a sniper burglarize apart from other war machine or police small artillery is the mounting of a telescopic sight, which is relatively easy to distinguish from smaller optical aiming devices found on some modern assault rifles and submachine guns.

The telescopic sights used on sniper rifles differ from other optical sights in that they offer much greater magnification (more than four× and up to 40×), and have a much larger objective lens (40 to 50 mm in diameter) for a brighter epitome.

Most telescopic lenses employed in military or police force roles accept special reticles to assistance with judgment of altitude, which is an of import factor in accurate shot placement due to the bullet's trajectory.

Activeness [edit]

The choice between bolt-activity and semi-automatic, normally recoil operated or gas operated, is usually determined by specific requirements of the sniper'due south role in a particular organization, with each blueprint having advantages and disadvantages. For a given cartridge, a bolt-action rifle is cheaper to build and maintain, more reliable, and lighter, due to fewer moving parts in the machinery. In addition, the absenteeism of uncontrolled automatic cartridge example ejection helps avoid revealing the shooter's position. Semi-automatic weapons can serve both equally battle rifle and sniper rifle, and let for a greater rate (and hence volume) of burn. As such rifles may exist modified service rifles, an boosted benefit can be commonality of operation with the issued infantry burglarize. A bolt activity is most unremarkably used in both military and police roles due to its higher accuracy and ease of maintenance. Anti-materiel applications such as mine immigration and special forces operations tend to utilize semi-automatics.

A Marine manually extracts an empty cartridge and chambers a new 7.62×51mm round in his bolt-action M40A3 sniper rifle. The bolt handle is held in the shooter'southward paw and is not visible in this photo.

A designated marksman burglarize (DMR) is less specialized than a typical military sniper rifle, often just intended to extend the range of a grouping of soldiers. Therefore, when a semi-automatic action is used it is due to its ability to cross over into roles similar to the roles of standard issue weapons. There may also be boosted logistical advantages if the DMR uses the same ammunition as the more than common standard upshot weapons. These rifles enable a higher book of burn down, but sacrifice some long range accuracy. They are often built from existing selective burn battle rifles or assail rifles, often just by calculation a telescopic sight and adjustable stock.

A police semi-automatic sniper rifle may exist used in situations that require a single sniper to engage multiple targets in quick succession, and armed forces semi-automatics, such as the M110 SASS, are used in like "target-rich" environments.

Magazine [edit]

In a military setting, logistical concerns are the primary determinant of the cartridge used, so sniper rifles are commonly limited to rifle cartridges commonly used by the military strength employing the burglarize and match grade ammunition. Since large national militaries generally change slowly, military rifle ammunition is frequently battle-tested and well-studied by ammunition and firearms experts. Consequently, law forces tend to follow military practices in choosing a sniper burglarize cartridge instead of trying to break new ground with less-perfected (but possibly amend) ammunition.

Before the introduction of the standard 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) cartridge in the 1950s, standard military cartridges were the .30-06 Springfield or 7.62×63mm (U.s.a.), .303 British (7.vii×56mmR) (Uk) and vii.92×57mm (8mm Mauser Germany). The .30-06 Springfield continued in service with U.S. Marine Corps snipers during the Vietnam War in the 1970s, well afterward general adoption of the 7.62×51mm. At the nowadays time, in both the Western world and within NATO, vii.62×51mm is currently the principal cartridge of choice for war machine and police sniper rifles.

Worldwide, the trend is similar. The preferred sniper cartridge in Russia is another .30 quotient military cartridge, the 7.62×54 mm R, which has slightly superior performance to the seven.62×51mm, although the rimmed design limits reliability compared to the latter cartridge. This cartridge was introduced in 1891, and both Russian sniper rifles of the modern era, the Mosin–Nagant and the Dragunov sniper burglarize, are chambered for it.

Certain commercial cartridges designed with only operation in mind, without the logistical constraints of well-nigh armies, take also gained popularity in the 1990s. These include the vii mm Remington Magnum (seven.ii×64mm), .300 Winchester Magnum (seven.8/vii.62×67mm), and the .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70mm). These cartridges offering amend ballistic performance and greater effective range than the 7.62×51mm. Though they are non as powerful as .50 caliber cartridges, rifles chambered for these cartridges are not equally heavy as those chambered for .50 caliber armament, and are significantly more powerful than rifles chambered for 7.62×51mm.^[nineteen]

M82A1 SAMR or SASR (Special Applications Scoped Rifle or Semi-Automatic Anti Material Rifle), a .50 quotient anti material rifle used in a sniper burglarize.

Snipers may too employ anti-materiel rifles in sniping roles against targets such as vehicles, equipment and structures, or for the long-range devastation of explosive devices; these rifles may likewise be used against personnel.

Anti-materiel rifles tend to be semi-automated and of a larger caliber than other rifles, using cartridges such every bit the .50 BMG, 12.7×108mm Russian or even 14.v×114mm Russian and 20mm. These large cartridges are required to exist able to fire projectiles containing payloads such every bit explosives, armor-piercing cores, incendiaries or combinations of these, such equally the Raufoss Mk211 projectile. Due to the considerable size and weight of anti-materiel rifles, 2- or three-man sniper teams go necessary.

Barrel [edit]

Barrels are unremarkably of precise manufacture and of a heavier cantankerous section than more traditional barrels in order to reduce the change in affect points between a first shot from a cold barrel and a follow-upwardly shot from a warm barrel. Unlike many boxing and assault rifles, the bores are commonly not chromed to avoid inaccuracy due to an uneven handling.

When installed, barrels are often free-floated: i.e., installed so that the barrel contacts the rest of the rifle only at the receiver. A complimentary-floating barrel avoids contact with the fore-end of the stock by the barrel itself, slings, bipods, or the sniper'due south hands that tin can interfere with barrel harmonics. The end of the barrel is ordinarily crowned or machined to form a rebated surface area around the muzzle proper to avoid disproportion or impairment, and consistent inaccuracy.

External longitudinal fluting that contributes to heat dissipation past increasing the surface area, while simultaneously decreasing the weight of the barrel, is sometimes used on sniper-rifle barrels.

Sniper-rifle barrels may too utilize a threaded muzzle or combination device (muzzle brake or flash suppressor and attachment mountain) to let the fitting of a sound suppressor. These suppressors often have a means of adjusting the betoken of affect while fitted.

Military sniper rifles tend to have barrel lengths of 609.6 mm (24 inches) or longer, to permit the cartridge propellant to fully fire, reducing the amount of revealing muzzle flash and increasing muzzle velocity. Police sniper rifles may use shorter barrels to meliorate treatment characteristics. The shorter barrels' muzzle velocity loss is unimportant at closer ranges; the affect velocity of the bullet is more than sufficient.

Stock [edit]

The most common special feature of a sniper burglarize stock is the adaptable cheek piece, where the shooter's cheek meets the rear of the stock. For nigh rifles equipped with a telescopic sight, this area is raised slightly, because the telescope is positioned higher than iron sights. A cheek slice is simply a section of the stock that can be adapted up or down to suit the private shooter. To further aid this individual plumbing equipment, the stock can sometimes also be adapted for length, oft by varying the number of inserts at the rear of the stock where information technology meets the shooter'south shoulder. If the stock is manufactured from wood, environmental weather or operational use may warp the wood, which may crusade slight alignment or barrel harmonics changes over time, altering the point of bear on. Stocks manufactured from polymers and metal alloys are less susceptible to indicate of bear on shifting by ecology conditions. Sniper stocks are typically designed to avoid making contact with the barrel of the weapon and minimize the effects of environmental inconstancies. Modern sniper rifle stocks tend to exist designed around a rigid chassis, offering user adjustability to permit shooters of diverse sizes and shapes to tailor the stock to their personal preferences and modular attachment points to provide flexibility to apply (future) low low-cal and twenty-four hours lite aiming optics, laser designators, and other accessories without the need for custom made mounting interface kits.

M24 SWS (1988) with archetype shaped polymer stock with adaptable length of pull.
Mk 21 (2013) modular sniper rifle based on an aluminum alloy chassis stock with fully adjustable side-folding buttstock and tubular handguard offering rail interface organisation attachment points.
Barrett MRAD (2013) modular sniper burglarize based on an aluminum blend chassis stock with fully adjustable side-folding buttstock and a front offering runway interface system attachment points with mounted Picatinny rail for tactical attachments.

Accessories [edit]

An adjustable sling is often fitted on the rifle, used by the sniper to attain meliorate stability when standing, kneeling, or sitting. The sniper uses the sling to "lock-in" by wrapping his non-firing arm into the sling forcing his arm to be even so. Non-static weapon mounts, such as bipods, monopods and shooting sticks, are as well regularly used to aid and amend stability and reduce operator fatigue. Shooting bags are also commonly used to help stabilize the rifle or to provide a variable base.

Capabilities [edit]

Accuracy [edit]

Comparison of 0.5, i, and 3 MOA extreme spread levels confronting a man torso at 800 1000 (left) and a human head at 100 yard (right)

Precision Weapon Engagement Ranges & Dispersion according to the U.s. Army

The Tango 51 sniper rifle has an accurateness guarantee of 0.25 MOA (0.07 mrad)

A military-issue battle burglarize or assault rifle is unremarkably capable of between three–6 infinitesimal of bending (ane–2 milliradian) accuracy.^[xx] A standard-event military sniper rifle is typically capable of 1–3 MOA (0.3–ane mrad) accuracy, with a police sniper rifle capable of 0.25–one.5 MOA (0.ane–0.5 mrad) accuracy. For comparison, a competition target or benchrest rifle may be capable of accuracy up to 0.15–0.3 MOA (0.05–0.1 mrad)^{[ inconsistent ]}.

A 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) average extreme spread for a 5-shot grouping (meaning the center-to-heart distance between the ii most distant bullet holes in a shot-group) translates into a 69% probability that the bullet'southward betoken of affect will be in a Target Circle with a diameter of 23.3 cm (9.ii in) at 800 k (875 yd).^[21] This average extreme spread for a five-shot grouping and the accompanying striking probability are considered sufficient for effectively hit a human shape at 800 m distance.

In 1982, a U.S. Army draft requirement for a Sniper Weapon Organization was: "The System will: (half-dozen) Accept an accuracy of no more than 0.75 MOA (0.2 mrad) for a 5-shot grouping at 1,500 meters when fired from a supported, non-benchrest position".^[22] The Sniper Weapon System (M24) adopted in 1988 has a stated maximum effective range of 800 meters and a maximum allowed average mean radius (AMR) of ane.nine inches at 300 yards from a car rest, what corresponds to a 0.6 MOA (0.17 mrad) farthermost spread for a 5-shot group when using vii.62 × 51 mm M118 Special Ball cartridges.^[21] ^[23] ^[24]

A 2008 Usa military market place survey for a Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) calls for 1 MOA (0.iii mrad) farthermost vertical spread for all shots in a 5-round grouping fired at targets at 300, 600, 900, ane,200 and 1,500 meters.^[25] ^[26] In 2009 a United States Special Operations Command market survey calls for one MOA (0.28 mrad) extreme vertical spread for all shots in a 10-round group fired at targets at 300, 600, 900, i,200 and one,500 meters.^[27] ^[28] The 2009 Precision Sniper Burglarize requirements state that the PSR when fired without suppressor shall provide a confidence factor of eighty% that the weapon and ammunition combination is capable of property 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) extreme vertical spread. This shall be calculated from 150 ten (10) round groups that were fired unsuppressed. No private group shall exceed 1.v MOA (0.42 mrad) extreme vertical spread. All accuracy will be taken at the 1,500 meter bespeak.^[29] ^[thirty]

In 2008 the The states military adopted the M110 Semi-Automated Sniper Organization which has corresponding maximum allowed extreme spread of ane.8 MOA (0.5 mrad) for a 5-shot group on 300 anxiety, using M118LR ammunition or equivalent.^[21] ^[23] ^[31] In 2010 the maximum bullet dispersion requirement for the M24 .300 Winchester Magnum corresponds^[21] ^[23] to 1.iv MOA (0.39 mrad) farthermost spread for 5 shot group on 100 meters.^[32] In 2011, the US military adapted the .300 Winchester Magnum M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle that has to see an accurateness requirement to fire ≤ 1 MOA/0.28 mrad (less than a 2-inch shot group at 200 yards) before being released for fielding.^[33]

Although accuracy standards for police rifles practice not widely exist, rifles are frequently seen with accuracy levels from 0.v to 1.5 MOA (0.2–0.5 mrad).^[34] For typical policing situations, an farthermost spread accuracy level no ameliorate than 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) is usually all that is required. This is considering police typically utilise their rifles at curt ranges.^[35] ^[36] At 100 one thousand or less, a rifle with a relatively depression accuracy of but one MOA (0.3 mrad) should be able to repeatedly striking a 3 cm (1.two inch) target. A 3 cm diameter target is smaller than the brain stem which is targeted by constabulary snipers for its quick killing effect.^[37]

Maximum effective range [edit]

Cartridge	Maximum effective range^[38]
5.45×39mm	600–800 m
5.56×45mm NATO	600–800 one thousand
7.62×51mm NATO	800–one,000 m
seven.62×54mmR	800–i,000 m
.300 Winchester Magnum	900–1,200 chiliad
.338 Lapua Magnum	1,200–ane,500 thousand
12.vii×99mm NATO	1,500–ii,000 m
12.seven×108mm	1,500–two,000 m
14.5×114mm	1,800–2,300 m

Different police force sniper rifles, military sniper rifles tend to exist employed at the greatest possible distances so that range advantages like the increased difficulty to spot and engage the sniper can be exploited.

The well-nigh popular military sniper rifles (in terms of numbers in service) are chambered for 7.62 mm (0.30 inch) caliber armament, such equally 7.62×51mm and 7.62×54mm R. Since sniper rifles of this class must compete with several other types of armed services weapons with similar range, snipers invariably must employ skilled fieldcraft to conceal their position.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The contempo tendency in specialized military sniper rifles is towards larger calibers that offer relatively favorable striking probabilities at greater range with anti-personnel cartridges such equally .300 Winchester Magnum and .338 Lapua Magnum and anti-materiel cartridges such as 12.7×99mm, 12.7×108mm, and xiv.5×114mm. This allows snipers to take fewer risks, and spend less fourth dimension finding concealment when facing enemies that are not equipped with similar weapons.

Maximum range claims made by war machine organizations and materiel manufacturers regarding sniper weapon systems are not based on consequent or strictly scientific criteria. The problem is merely the bullet interacts after a relatively long flying path with the target (which can likewise be a materiel target for a sniper bullet). This implies that variables such as the minimal required hit probability, local atmospheric weather, properties and velocity of the employed bullet (parts), properties of the target and the desired concluding effect are major relevant factors that determine the maximum constructive range of the employed system.

Notes [edit]

^ "Whitworth Rifle".
^ "Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Book 19" Past Establishment of Civil Engineers (Corking Britain)
^ Pegler, Martin (2011). Out of Nowhere: A history of the armed forces sniper, from the Sharpshooter to Afghanistan. Osprey Publishing. ISBN9781849088756 . Retrieved 2013-xi-18 .
^ Raudzens, George. "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History". The Journal of Military History. vol. 54, no. iv, 1990, p. 415.
^ "Lovat Scouts, Sharpshooters – United Kingdom".
^ Pegler, Martin. Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010, p. 31.
^ Pegler, Martin (2010). Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 36^{[ ISBN missing ]}
^ Pegler, Martin (2004). Out Of Nowhere: A History Of The Armed services Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 222.^{[ ISBN missing ]}
^ ^a ^b ^c "Telescopic Sights For Rifles." The British Medical Journal. vol. one, no. 2891, 1916, p. 765.
^ Pegler, Martin. Out Of Nowhere: A History Of The Military Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. xvi.
^ Pegler, Martin. Out Of Nowhere: A History Of The Military Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. xix.
^ Pegler, Martin. Out Of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004, pp. xix–twenty.
^ Raudzens, George. "State of war-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military machine History". The Periodical of Military History. vol. 54, no. iv, 1990, p. 420.
^ ^a ^b Pegler, Martin. Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010, p. six.
^ Lebleu, Jon. Long Burglarize: One Man'southward Deadly Sniper Missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Guilford: The Lyons Printing, 2008, p. eleven.
^ Pegler, Martin. Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010, p. 75.
^ ^a ^b Popenker, Max. "Modern sniper rifles". Earth Guns, 2001.
^ The Ultimate Sniper: an Advanced Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers, Maj. John Fifty. Plaster, 1993. The information about counter-sniper operations describes techniques for identifying snipers amid groups of other soldiers. The most easily recognizable characteristic of a sniper from a great distance is the fact that the sniper'southward rifle is longer than all the others.
^ Cartridges for Long-Range Sniping Rifles by Anthony Grand Williams
^ Lee, Tae-Woo (2009). Military Technologies of the World. Vol. ii. Praeger Security International. p. 237. ISBN978-0275995393.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wheeler, Robert East. "Statistical notes on burglarize group patterns" (PDF). bobwheeler.com. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
^ Weaver Jr., Jonathan One thousand. (May 1990). "AMSAA Technical Written report No. 461" (PDF). U.S. Ground forces Materiel Organization Analysis Action. p. 166. Archived from the original (PDF) on ane December 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "рассеивание попаданий. кучность. показатели и зависимость". Enotus (in Russian). 4 September 2009. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
^ "MIL-R-71126(AR)". everyspec.com . Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "US Special Operations Considers A ".338" Sniper Burglarize". Tactical Gun Fan. OutdoorsFan Media. InterMedia Outdoors, Inc. 27 June 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 25 Feb 2019.
^ Byrd, Richard A (17 June 2008). "Precession Sniper Rifle – Solicitation Number: H92222-09-PSR". Fbo.gov. Federal Service Desk-bound. Retrieved 17 Baronial 2013.
^ Weaver, Verdetta J; Lewis, Dorothy East (thirteen Feb 2009). "Precision Sniper Burglarize (PSR) – Solicitation Number: H92222-09-PSR2". Fbo.gov. Federal Service Desk. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
^ Beckstrand, Tom (i July 2009). "SOCOM PSR Contenders". Tactical-life.com. Harris Tactical Group. Archived from the original on five June 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
^ "Precision Sniper Rifles Systems (PSR) Draft Go/No-Go Requirements" (PDF). Fbo.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on xxx June 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
^ "Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) Vendor Questionnaire" (PDF). Fbo.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on xxx June 2017. Retrieved 17 Baronial 2013.
^ "MIL-PRF-32316 (westward/Amendment 1), Functioning Specification: Rifle, seven.62mm: Semi-Automatic Sniper System (SASS) – M110 (05 Oct 2009)". everyspec.com . Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ Street, David (19 October 2009). "M24 Sniper Weapon Organization Reconfiguration". Fbo.gov. Federal Service Desk. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
^ "XM2010 Enhanced Sniper Burglarize / M2010 ESR (USA)". World Guns. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 25 Feb 2019.
^ Johnson, Dan (February 2005). "Precision Pair". Guns & Ammo. Primedia Enthusiast Mag. Archived from the original on 27 April 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2019. The FBI, a national-level policing organization, has recently specified an accuracy level of 0.5 MOA for 5 shots at 100 yd for sniper rifles issued to their SWAT teams
^ Bartlett, Derrick D. "Law Sniper Utilization Survey". Swat Digest. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Minimum documented range is five yards, maximum documented range is 187 yards: Law Sniper Utilization Survey, American Sniper Association, 2006, full study available to military machine and law enforcement agencies merely.
^ "Sniper Utilization Survey". American Sniper Clan . Retrieved 25 February 2019. Some information publicly available from The Ultimate Sniper: an Advanced Training Manual for Armed services and Police Snipers, Major John Plaster, 1993.
^ Plaster, John (September 1990). "Police Sniper Training". The Constabulary Operations Page. Minnesota National Guard Counter Sniper Schoolhouse. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
^ Guess maximum effective ranges of common cartridges when used in an fairly accurate rifle arrangement with special long-range high accuracy ammunition at International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions Mutual Calibers Used by Snipers

References [edit]

Tobias, Ronald (1981). They Shoot to Kill: A Psycho-History of Criminal Sniping. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. ISBN0-87364-207-iv.
De Haas, Frank (1995). Bolt Activeness Rifles . Krause Publications. ISBN0-87349-168-8.
Lebleu, Jon (2008). Long Rifle: One Man's Deadly Sniper Missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN978-1599214405.
Pegler, Martin (2004). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military machine Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1846031403.
Pegler, Martin (2010). Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1849083980.
"Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers". 19. Establishment of Civil Engineers (Not bad United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland). 1860.
Raudzens, George (1990). "State of war-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in War machine History". The Journal of War machine History. 54 (4): 403–434. doi:10.2307/1986064. JSTOR 1986064.
"Telescopic Sights for Rifles". i (2891). The British Medical Periodical. 1916: 765.
Popenker, Max (2001). "Modern Sniper Rifles".
Violence Policy Heart (May 1999). "One Shot, Ane Kill: Civilian Sales of Military Sniper Rifles" (PDF).

External links [edit]

Modern Firearms list of sniper rifles
SniperCentral list of sniper rifles
Tack Driving Tactical Rifle from Tac Ops – Detailed overview of the accurization process for a .25 MOA burglarize
Detailed accurateness articles, by barrel maker Dan Lilja
Item of Russian snipers and sniper rifles of World State of war 2 by Chris Eger, military historian
demigodllc.com: Practical long-range rifle shooting
Five-minute Sniper 101 Tutorial, Colonial Days to Present
Russian will soon have a new sniper burglarize 'the Tochnost'